Bahasa Inggeri

 

BAHASA INGGRIS

Compiled by: Yoga Prihatin, M.Pd

Semester I

Materials:

1.  Word Families

2.  Verbal and Nominal Sentences

3.  Basic Sentence Structure

4.  Tenses

5.  Editing

6.  Writing Practice

7.  Thank You Note

UNIT I

Word Families

Introduction

How well you understand many kinds of grammar are tested. Your knowledge of vocabulary is also tested. For this section, the correct answer may be a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb. The correct choice may also depend on its form. Should it be singular or plural? Is it the right tense for the sentence? Should it be comparative or superlative? These are some things to think about. Finally, does the choice you pick make sense? Read through the sentence with your answer.

Learning Hint:

With word families, the possible answers are four forms of the SAME word. Memorize common noun forms, adjectives, adverbs, and verb forms.

Word Forms

Word families test how well you know the various types of words that can be made from one word. A word can go from noun to verb to adjective to adverb by changing the ending of the word.

Example:

Finale (noun, thing) -> finalist (noun, person) -> finalize (verb) -> final (adjective) -> finally (adverb)

Remember the common word endings used to make the different kinds of words:

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
-ance   disturbance	-en lighten	-able Fashionable	-ly Slowly
-ancy discrepancy	-ify beautify	-ible	-ward Backward
-ence	-ize sumarize	-al Economical	-wise
-ation civilization		-ful Beautiful
-ian librarian	-ish Flourish
-ism terorism		-ive Tentative
-ment		-ous Generous
-ness
-ship
-or
-er

Typical Question Examples Found in Word Families

1) The manager read the report _____.

(A)     careful

(B)     carefully

(C)     care

(D)     caring

The correct answer is (B). An adverb is needed to complete the sentence. Carefully is the only adverb. Adverbs modify verbs. How did the manager read the report? He read it carefully. Answer (A) is an adjective. Answer (C) and (D) are verb forms.

2) The procedure was _____ properly to the new employee.

(A)    explain

(B)    explanation

(C)    explanatory

(D)     explained

The correct answer is (D). There is no main verb in this sentence. Was is only acting as a helping verb. The correct verb form must have a past tense form to agree with was. Only explained is both a main verb and in the past tense. Answer (A) is the present tense verb form. Answer (B) is a noun. Answer (C) is an adjective.

Adjective, Noun, Verb, Adverb
Adjectives are describing words. They make nouns more interesting.
Nouns are words that are used to name things (people, places, things).
Verbs are doing words.
Adverbs tell us more about verbs. They tell us how, when or where the action of the verb happens.

NO	ADJECTIVE	VERB	NOUN	ADVERB
1	Successful	Succeed	Success	successfully
2	Dead	Die	Death	Deadly
3	Patient	-	Patience	patiently

1. a. She is very succesful

    b. If you succeed, you will buy a car.

   

c. Your success is influenced by your wife.

    d. The operation is done successfully.

2. a. He is dead

    b. His death is mysterious

    c. My cat died last night.

    d. She is deadly serious

Adjectives and adverbs

 Look at these examples:

• Our holiday was too short - the time went very quickly.

• The driver of the car was seriously injured in the accident.

Quickly and seriously are adverbs. Many adverbs are made from an adjective + -ly:

Adjective	Quick	Serious	Careful	quiet	bad	heavy
Adverb	Quickly	Seriously	Carefully	Quietly	badly	heavily

Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs. Some adjectives end in -ly too, for example:

Friendly / lively / elderly / lonely / silly / lovely

Adjective or adverb

Adjectives (quick/careful etc.) tell us about a noun. We use adjectives before nouns and after some verbs, especially be:

• Tom is a careful driver, (not 'a carefully driver')

• We didn't go out because of the heavy rain.            

• Please be quiet.

• I was disappointed that my exam results were so bad   

Adverbs (quickly/carefully etc.) tell us about a verb. An adverb tells us how somebody does something or how something happens: 

• Tom drove carefully along the narrow road. (not 'drove careful')

• We didn't go out because it was raining heavily.

• Please speak quietly

• I was disappointed that I did so badly on the exam.

• Why do you never take me seriously?

She speaks English perfectly.

       Verb + object + adverb

Tom looked at me sadly.

EXERCISE 1

Choose the correct words

1. The driver of the car was ..........  injured.  (serious, seriously)

2. I think you behaved very...........  . (selfish, selfishly)

3. Rose is .......... upset about losing her job. (terrible, terribly)

4. There was a.........  change in the weather.  (sudden, suddenly)

5. Everybody at the party was............  dressed. (colourful, colourfully)

6. She fell and hurt herself quite ..........  . (bad, badly)

7. I cooked this meal..........   for you, so I hope you like it. (special, specially)

8. Don't go up that ladder. It doesn't look......... . (safe, safely)

9. He looked at me.............  when I interrupted him. (angry, angrily)

10. Our holiday was too short. The time passed very............  . (quick, quickly)

EXERCISE 2

Practice in Adding Adjectives

Many adjectives are formed from nouns and verbs. The adjective thirsty, for example, comes from thirst, which may be either a noun or a verb. Complete each sentence below with the adjective form of the italicized noun or verb.

1. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina brought great destruction to the Gulf coast. It was one of the most _____ hurricanes in recent decades.
2. All of our pets enjoy good health. Our collie is exceptionally _____, despite its advanced age.
3. Your suggestion makes a great deal of sense. You have a very _____ idea.
4. Google made record profits last year. It is one of the most _____ companies in the world.
5. Dr. Kraft's job requires patience and skill. He is a _____ negotiator.
6. All through high school, Giles rebelled against his parents and teachers. Now he has three _____ children of his own.
7. Telling jokes that will not offend others can be difficult. Some comedians are deliberately _____

UNIT 2

Simple Sentence

Simple sentence contains one subject and one verb. To build a sentence, we then need some elements, like noun or pronoun, adjective, adverb and verbs. Here, they are called "Core elements".

Further, the Core elements create two kinds of basic sentence, they are:
Verbal sentences and Nominal Sentences

Nominal	Verbal
Subject + To Be + Complements I             +  am    + a student	Subject + Verb We        +  study
Ø Ø  You are policemen n Ø  We are in the room adv of place Ø  They are happy adj Ø  She is a doctor n Ø  He is a clever boy noun phrase	Ø  I eat  (rujak) Ø  You ride  (a bike) Ø  They play (football) Ø  She writes (a letter) Ø  He watches (TV) Ø  It runs (fast)

Study more carefully! What kind of sentence are there, verbal or nominal sentence?

1. Ahmad Solihin is very busy now.
2. The supervisor is not in today.

3. I am here every Sunday.
4. You are beautiful.
5. Indonesia will require many experts.
6. She will come there, if you invite her.

7. We shall have arrived at school at 7 o’clock.

8. The investors are interested in running their business in Indonesia.

9. Lampung is one of the provinces in Sumatera.

10.  Siti aminah is helping the doctor. Verbal

11. She was a good dancer.

12.   They were friends
13. She will not has been at home by the end of this week.
14. Should we be there last night
15. Eva sulastri is married.
16.  Her baby looks handsome.

17. To know much about me, please call me tonight.

18. He cares of people.

19. Do you make an animation at studio ?

20. Is he watching the program television?

                                             

Exercise 2

Correct the following sentences!

1.      They are have three children

2.      We  are closed the door last night.

3.      She wrong.

4.      You is are here now

5.      My mother is swimming.

6.      The guard is help me yesterday.

7.      She is writes a letter. She is writing a letter. She writes a letter

8.      Donita not a movie star.

9.      Tanya a friendly nice lady.

10.  It is run very slowly. It is running... it run

.

                                                                      

UNIT 3

Basic Sentence Structure

There are five basic patterns around which most English sentences are built. They are as follows:

S-V		Subject-Verb		John sleeps.
				Jill is eating.
				Jack will arrive.
S-V-O		Subject-Verb-Object		I like rice.
				She loves her job.
				He's eating an orange.
S-V-Adj		Subject-Verb-Adjective		He is funny.
				The workers are lazy.
				Karen seems angry.
S-V-Adv		Subject-Verb-Adverb		Jim is here.
				Flowers are everywhere.
				No one was there.
S-V-N		Subject-Verb-Noun		She is my mom.
				The men are doctors.
		Mr. Jones is the teacher.

============================================

At the heart of every English sentence is the Subject-Verb relationship. Other elements can be added to make a sentence more interesting, but they are not essential to its formation.

The following sentences are examples of the S-V pattern.

She sleeps.		Core sentence
She sleeps soundly.		An adverb is added to describe how she sleeps.
She sleeps on the sofa.		A prepositional phrase is added to tell where she sleeps.
She sleeps every afternoon		A time expression is added to tell when she sleeps.
She is sleeping right now.		Verb tense is changed, but S-V relationship remains the same.
Mary will sleep later.		Subject is named and another tense is used.
The dogs are sleeping in the garage.		New subject may require a different form of the verb.

Note: Any action verb can be used with this sentence pattern.

================================================

The following sentences are examples of the S-V-O pattern.

They like rice.		Core sentence
The people like rice.		Specific subject
The friendly people like rice.		Subject modified with an adjective
The people in the restaurant like rice.		Subject modified with an adjective
The people like boiled rice.		Object modified with an adjective
The people like hot, white rice.		Object modified with more than one adjective

Note: Only transitive action verbs can be used with this sentence pattern.

The following sentences are examples of the S-V-Adj pattern.

He is fine.		Basic sentence with "be" verb
He seems happy.		Basic sentence with another linking verb
Jordan is tall, dark and handsome.		Series of adjectives
He appears very comfortable.		Adverb or intensifier added
George became sick last night.		Different tense and linking verb

Note: Only linking verbs can be used with this sentence pattern.

The following sentences are examples of the S-V-Adv pattern.

The teacher is here.		Basic sentence
The teacher is over there.		Using an adverb phrase
Teachers are everywhere.		Plural noun and verb used
The teachers are in the lobby.		Prepositional phrase functioning as adverb

Note: Only linking verbs can be used with this sentence pattern.

The following sentences are examples of the S-V-N pattern.

The man is a doctor.		Basic sentence
The women are doctors.		Using plural noun and verb
My father is a nice guy.		Modified subject and complement
My grandparents are senior citizens.		Modified plural subject and complement

Note: Only linking verbs can be used with this sentence pattern.

Exercise: Make at least 5 sentences for each pattern of basic sentence structure.

1.      S V

2.      S V O

3.      S V Adj

4.      S V Adv

5.      S V N

UNIT 4

A Shortcut

 of Studying Tenses

The concept of time can be split into:

1. The Present - What you are currently doing.   

I eat, I am eating                                  

2. The Past - What you did some time back.  

I ate, I was eating

3. The Future - What you will do later.  

I will eat, I will be eating   

                                          

In the English language, tenses play an important role in sentence formation. 

The tense of a verb shows the time of an event or action.

PAST	PRESENT	PROGRESSIVE	PERFECT	FUTURE
V2	V1	V-ING	Has/have + V3/PP	Will/shall + V-BASE
She ate She did not eat Did she eat?	She eats She does not eat Does she eat?	She is eating She is not eating Is she eating?	She has eaten She has not eaten Has she eaten?	She will eat She will not eat Will she eat?
She was sick	She is sick	She is being	She has been sick	She will be sick

Note: pay attention with meaning in context.

Exercise 1

Write the following sentences in English and use the correct tense

1.      Badri  makan roti tadi malam

2.      Badri sedang nonton sepakbola di TV sekarang

3.      Badri baru saja membersihkan kamarnya.

4.      Badri akan mengunjungi pacarnya jam 12.00 siang.

5.      Shinta mencintaiku

6.      Shinta sedang membuat kue untukku.

7.      Shinta baru saja menelponku

8.      Shinta akan memberi uang untukku besok.

9.      Apakah shinta benar-benar mencintaiku?

10.  Donita dulu pacarku.

11.  Dia dulu cantik sekali.

12.  Donita cantik, ramah dan pintar.

13.  Aku tidak akan menikahi Donita

14.  Aku akan pergi jauh

15.  Donita akan menikah dengan seorang pria kaya.

Change the following sentences into simple past, present, perfect, and future tense

1.      I am seeing your dad tomorrow.

2.      I am reading the newspaper.

3.      Susie is having her breakfast.

4.      I am studying for the test.

5.      Alice is knitting a sweater.

6.      We are going to the park.

7.      What are we having for dinner?

8.      Are you coming to the park with me?

9.      We are going to crash.

10.  Anita is singing now.

UNIT 5

EDITING

Skills:

1.      Capitalization

2.      possessive nouns

3.       spelling

4.       compound words

Find capitalize letter, add period (.),  add question mark (?), add coma (,), take words out, spell correctly, lowercase letter, indent, add words!!

Anthony Visits Nick

On sunday, Anthony went over to Nicks house to play basketball. They played a game of one-by-one. Anthony made six baskets, but Nick made eight.  Nick was the winner. After the game, both boys went inside to have some snack’s and watch television.

Skills:

1.      Indenting

2.       homophones (know/no)

3.      missing words

4.      punctuation

5.      irregular verbs

6.       verb tenses

Editing: How many mistakes can you find?

The Beach

Do you no Ryan did last weekend. He went to the beach

with his family. First, Ryan builded a huge sand castle. Then,

he collect seashells and rocks After that, he goed swimming

with his brother. Ryan has a wonderful time at the beach.

Editing: How many mistakes can you find?

Camping

i went camping with my family. We whent fishing and I

caught a big fish. I also whent Swimming with my brother.

We hade a camp fire every night. The camping trip was lots

of fun

Editing: How many mistakes can you find!

Skills:

1.      commas in a list

2.      spelling

3.       irregular verbs

4.       punctuation (above title)

Candy Shop

Jennifer Megan and Sarah whent to the candy shop.

Jennifer bought a small bocks of fudge. Sarah paid fifty sents

for a bag of jellybeans. Megan bought sum Twizzlers. The

grls all walked to the park where they eated their candy.

Editing: How many mistakes can you find?

Skills:

1.      capital letter at the beginning of a sentence

2.      spelling

3.      subject-verb agreement

Spaghetti Dinner

last night my father mad us a spaghetti dinner. He macks

the best meatballs in the world! I ate lots of spaghetti. My

brother spill sauce on his white shirt. Whee all laughed. I love

when My dad makes spaghetti

Editing: How many mistakes can you find?

Skills:

1.      possessive nouns

2.       irregular verbs

3.       Spelling

4.      capital letter to begin a name

5.       lower case for common nouns

Laura's Swimming Pool

Rachael went to Lauras house to swim in the pool. First,

Rachael and Laura swimmed around underwater. Than,

rachael went down the water slide. After that, Lauras dog

jumped in the pool. Finally, Laura and Rachael got out of

the pool and drank Lemonade.

UNIT 6

WRITING PRACTICE

DICTO-COMP

Frank wanted to work at the bank. First, he telephoned the personnel office and asked a few questions. Then the bank sent him an application form. He completed the form and returned it to the personnel manager telephoned Frank and discussed his application with him. He asked for letters of reference. A few days later, he invited Frank for a personal interview. Finally, the bank sent Frank a letter. It offered him a position.

GUIDED WRITING

A. Arrange the following ues in proper word order to make complete sentences. Write the sentences in paragraph form. Begin your paragraph with this sentence: Tim is an excellent student.

1. gave-Tim-the university-a scholarship

2. him-the class-a party-gave

3. house-Prof Ricci’s-was-it-at

4. sent-Prof Ricci-to Tim’s parents-invitations

5. to a few people-handed-she-invitations

6. them-mailed-to other friends-she

7. gifts-sent-Tim-many people

B. Arrange the following cues in proper word order to make complete sentences. Write the sentences in paragraph form. Begin your paragraph with thanis sentence: There are several important ways of getting the news.

1.report-everyday-to us-the newspapers, television, and the radio-the news

2. usually-gives-a newspapet-to its reader-the news-only once a day

3. to us-every hour-television and radio stations-repeat-the same news

4. at any time-us-personal news-brings-the telephone

C. Arrange the following cues inproper word order to make complete sentences. Write the sentences in paragraph form. Begin your paragraph with this sentence: I saw a group of vacationers with their guide this morning.

1. “Good morning,” said to- the tourists-the guide

2. Some maps-gave-he-them

3. for several people-some money-changed-he

4. for others-cashed-he-some traveller’s checks-also

5. descrribed-the tours-he-to everyone

6. the same information-he-to a few latecomers-repeated

7. very carefully-he-the instructions-explained-to them

IMITATIVE WRITING

           

Everything Happens to Me

My luck has been bad lately. For example, last week my father sent me a check. I lost it. A few days ago, my grandmother gave me a present. I broke it. Nextm Prof. Stein gave me an examination. I failed it. Then, he assigned me a special project. I didn’t understand it. Finally, Lou introduced a good friend of his to me. She didn’t speak English!

Write a short paragraph about a series of good or bad events in your life. Discuss the events in time sequence. Use some of sequence expressions (first, first of all, in the first place, to begin with, second, next, then, afterwards, later, after a few days, at the same time, immidiately, presently, now, last of all, finally, in the end, at last). Use the paragraph entitled Everything Happens to Me as a model. Begin the paragraph with  this sentence: My luck has been good/bad lately.

INDEPENDENT WRITING

Write a paragraph in which you describe one of the following subjects. The first sentence of your paragraph should state the dominant impression.

A famous building in my city

The ideal home

My house

a central

UNIT 7

THANK YOU NOTE

THANK YOU NOTE

From Student to Teacher

Dear Mr. Frank,

I wanted to let you know how much I enjoyed your class this year. I know it's not easy to teach a bunch of crazy kids like us but you managed to keep us all interested and we even had fun. I wish all my teachers were like you. Thanks a lot!

Sincerely,

--------------------------------------

Dear Mrs. Kinder,

Thank you for teaching a great class this year. I learned a lot and know you helped prepare me for next year. Thanks for always being patient and in a good mood. I always looked forward to class.

Best wishes for a great summer!

--------------------------------------

Dear Mrs. Wiggert,

I hope you know how much I'll miss you next year! I really loved your class and know I learned a ton. You have a way of making dry subjects really interesting. I only hope some of my college teachers can be half as good as you.

Thank you!!

Sincerely,

REFERENCES

Martin, Charles dan Seltzer, Sandra. 1985. Exploring American English: Writing Skills for Classroom and Career. London: Longman.

Spencer, D.II. 1967. Guided Composition exercises. London: Longman.

Wishon, George E. and Burks, Julia M. 1980,  Let's write English. New York : American Book Co

http://eslbee.com/topic_sentences.htm

http://www.eslgold.com/grammar/basic_sentence.html

http://3nglish7.blogspot.com/2010/02/simple-sentence-step-2-b.html

http://www.eslgold.com/writing/improve.html

http://englishforeveryone.org/PDFs/Finish%20the%20Story%20-%20The%20Snow%20Day.pdf

http://www.englishforeveryone.org/Topics/Writing-Practice.htm

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